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7 Reasons You Need to Take Your Dog or Cat to the Veterinary Emergency Room

Writer's picture: Margo Murillo, DVMMargo Murillo, DVM

dog dressed as doctor next to another brown and tan dog sitting in a hospital setting

As a pet owner, your dog or cat is a beloved member of the family. Naturally, you want to do everything in your power to keep them safe and healthy. However, there are times when an unexpected health crisis arises, and your pet may need immediate medical attention. I often see owners who are unsure when a situation warrants a trip to the emergency vet. In this article, I’ll outline the 7 reasons you need to take your dog or cat to the veterinary emergency room (ER) right away.


1. Difficulty Breathing

One of the most critical reasons to rush your pet to the ER is difficulty breathing. Whether your pet is panting excessively, wheezing, or showing signs of labored breathing, this is a medical emergency. Dogs and cats rely on efficient lung function to oxygenate their bodies, and any obstruction, such as from choking, allergies, or a serious respiratory condition like pneumonia or asthma, can quickly turn life-threatening.

Symptoms to Watch For:

  • Gasping or labored breathing

  • Open-mouthed breathing in cats (this is never normal)

  • Blue or pale gums

  • Excessive panting or wheezing


2. Severe Vomiting or Diarrhea

While an occasional upset stomach is common in both dogs and cats, repeated vomiting or diarrhea can indicate a more serious underlying condition, such as poisoning, intestinal blockages, or pancreatitis. If your pet is vomiting or has diarrhea multiple times in a short period, especially if it contains blood, it’s time to seek emergency care.

When It’s an Emergency:

  • Vomiting or diarrhea lasting more than 24 hours

  • Blood in the vomit or stool

  • Accompanied by lethargy or dehydration

  • Known ingestion of toxins (e.g., chocolate, human medications, or plants)

  • If associated with abdominal distension or bloating


3. Trauma or Injury

Pets are naturally curious, which sometimes gets them into trouble. Trauma from being hit by a car, falling from a height, or being involved in a fight with another animal often results in injuries that require immediate medical attention. Even if your pet seems okay after an accident, internal injuries or shock can be lurking, and these can worsen quickly without treatment.

Signs of Trauma:

  • Limping or inability to move

  • Bleeding, bruising, or swelling

  • Loss of consciousness

  • Pale gums (a sign of internal bleeding)


4. Ingestion of Toxic Substances

Dogs and cats are often tempted by items they shouldn’t eat, and unfortunately, many common household substances are toxic to pets. From foods like chocolate and grapes to household cleaners and medications, ingestion of these items can result in poisoning. If you suspect your pet has ingested something harmful, don’t wait for symptoms to develop—bring them to the ER immediately.

Common Toxins:

  • Chocolate, onions, grapes, or raisins

  • Human medications (painkillers, antidepressants, etc.)

  • Rodenticides or insecticides

  • Toxic plants (e.g., lilies for cats)


5. Severe Allergic Reactions

Just like humans, pets can experience severe allergic reactions, often from insect bites, stings, or exposure to allergens. Anaphylaxis, the most serious type of allergic reaction, can cause swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing, and even collapse. Immediate intervention is crucial.

Signs of Allergic Reactions:

  • Swelling of the face, eyes, or muzzle

  • Hives or intense itching

  • Difficulty breathing or collapse

  • Sudden vomiting or diarrhea after exposure


6. Unresponsiveness, Sudden Collapse, or Seizures

If your pet suddenly collapses or becomes unresponsive, it’s vital to seek emergency care immediately. This could be the result of a heart condition, low blood sugar, internal bleeding, or a neurological problem. No matter the cause, a collapse is always a sign of a serious health crisis that requires prompt evaluation and treatment.

Causes of Collapse:

  • Heart disease or arrhythmias

  • Heatstroke (especially in brachycephalic breeds like pugs or bulldogs)

  • Seizures or neurological conditions

  • Severe dehydration or blood loss


7. Difficulty Urinating or Defecating

Struggling to urinate or defecate can be an indicator of serious health problems, including urinary obstructions, which are especially common in male cats. If left untreated, this can lead to kidney failure, bladder rupture, or even death. If your pet is straining but unable to pass urine or stool, or if they cry out in pain while trying, they need to be seen by an emergency vet immediately.

Symptoms to Watch:

  • Frequent attempts to urinate without success

  • Blood in the urine

  • Crying out or showing signs of pain while urinating

  • Lethargy and vomiting


What to Do in an Emergency

If your pet is experiencing any of the above symptoms, don’t hesitate to seek help. Call your local veterinary emergency clinic to let them know you’re on the way, and follow their advice for any immediate steps you can take at home. Time is often of the essence, and quick action can save your pet’s life.


As a pet owner, it’s important to trust your instincts. You know your dog or cat best, and if something seems off, it’s always better to err on the side of caution. Veterinary ER visits can be stressful, but they are necessary when your pet is facing a life-threatening situation. If you’re ever in doubt, don’t hesitate to reach out to your veterinarian or local emergency clinic for advice. Your pet’s health and well-being are always worth the peace of mind.


AI used to assist with article creation.

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