Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a serious condition that I see regularly in my patients. This condition can be distressing for both pets and their owners. Understanding the disease, its symptoms, treatment options, and prognosis is key to ensuring your dog gets the best possible care.
What Is Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)?
Intervertebral Disc Disease is a condition that affects the spinal discs, which act as cushions between the bones (vertebrae) of the spine. Over time or due to trauma, these discs can degenerate, bulge, or even rupture, causing them to press on the spinal cord. This pressure can lead to pain, nerve damage, and, in severe cases, paralysis.
IVDD is a degenerative condition, meaning it often worsens over time, and certain breeds are predisposed to developing it due to genetic factors.
Symptoms of IVDD
Symptoms of IVDD can range from mild to severe and may develop gradually or suddenly. Here are some signs to watch for:
Back or neck pain: Your dog may yelp or whimper when picked up, touched, or moved.
Reluctance to move: Affected dogs may be hesitant to jump, climb stairs, or play.
Stiffness: Noticeable stiffness in the back or neck, often accompanied by a hunched posture.
Weakness in the legs: Your dog may appear wobbly or unsteady on their feet, particularly in the hind legs.
Loss of coordination: Difficulty walking, often referred to as "ataxia."
Paralysis: In severe cases, dogs may lose the ability to use their limbs, most commonly the hind legs.
Loss of bladder or bowel control: This may occur if the spinal cord damage is severe.
If you notice any of these symptoms, especially sudden or severe pain, weakness, or paralysis, it's crucial to seek veterinary care immediately.
Breeds Predisposed to IVDD
While any dog can develop IVDD, certain breeds are genetically predisposed to the condition due to their body structure and the composition of their spinal discs. These breeds include:
Dachshunds: By far the most common breed affected, with their long backs and short legs.
Corgis: Both the Pembroke and Cardigan varieties are prone to spinal issues.
Beagles
Shih Tzus
Poodles: Particularly Miniature and Toy varieties.
Basset Hounds
Pekingese
French Bulldogs
Larger breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds, can also suffer from IVDD, although it is less common.
How Is IVDD Diagnosed?
Diagnosing IVDD typically involves a combination of physical examinations, neurological assessments, and diagnostic imaging.
Physical and Neurological Examination: The vet will assess your dog’s reflexes, coordination, and responses to stimuli.
X-rays: While regular X-rays can show abnormalities in the vertebrae, they may not reveal the condition of the discs themselves.
Advanced Imaging: In many cases, advanced imaging such as a CT scan or MRI is needed to confirm IVDD, as these allow detailed views of the spinal cord and discs.
Myelogram: This is another diagnostic tool that involves injecting a contrast dye into the space around the spinal cord to highlight areas where discs are pressing on nerves.
Treatment Options for IVDD
The treatment for IVDD depends on the severity of the disease and the extent of nerve damage.
1. Medical Management (Conservative Treatment)
For dogs with mild symptoms or early-stage IVDD, conservative treatment may be sufficient. This typically includes:
Strict Rest: Crate rest or restricted movement is essential for about 4-6 weeks to allow healing and prevent further disc damage.
Pain Medication: Anti-inflammatory drugs (like NSAIDs) and pain relievers help reduce inflammation and pain.
Muscle Relaxants: These can relieve muscle spasms associated with spinal pain.
Physical Therapy: Once the acute phase has passed, physical therapy may help improve mobility and strengthen muscles.
2. Surgical Treatment
Surgery is usually recommended for dogs with severe symptoms, such as paralysis, or when conservative treatment fails. The goal of surgery is to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord by removing or repairing the affected disc(s).
Hemilaminectomy: This is the most common surgical procedure, where part of the vertebra is removed to access and decompress the spinal cord.
Fenestration: This involves creating a window in the disc to remove the protruding or ruptured material.
The decision to opt for surgery depends on several factors, including your dog’s overall health, the severity of the IVDD, and the availability of a veterinary surgeon experienced in spinal procedures.
Prognosis
The prognosis for dogs with IVDD varies depending on the severity of the condition, how quickly treatment is initiated, and whether or not surgery is performed. Here's a general outlook based on the severity:
Mild Cases: Dogs that are treated early with rest and medication often recover well, though they may be at risk for future episodes.
Moderate to Severe Cases: Dogs that receive surgical treatment often regain mobility, but recovery may take weeks to months and involve rehabilitation.
Paralysis Without Pain Perception: Dogs that lose the ability to feel deep pain in their limbs have a poorer prognosis. Immediate surgery increases the chance of recovery, but some dogs may remain paralyzed.
Early detection and treatment are crucial in improving outcomes, especially when surgery is required. Many dogs, even those who undergo surgery, can live happy, healthy lives post-recovery with some lifestyle modifications.
Preventing Future IVDD Episodes
While IVDD can’t always be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your dog’s risk of injury and recurrence:
Maintain a healthy weight: Extra weight adds stress to the spine, especially in predisposed breeds.
Use ramps or steps: Prevent your dog from jumping on and off furniture or high places.
Provide supportive bedding: A comfortable, orthopedic bed can help support your dog’s back and joints.
Exercise: Regular, controlled exercise helps keep your dog’s muscles strong without overstressing the spine.
Intervertebral Disc Disease can be a frightening diagnosis, but with prompt veterinary care, many dogs go on to live fulfilling lives. Whether your dog requires medical management or surgery, it’s important to work closely with your veterinarian to determine the best course of treatment. Always keep an eye out for early symptoms, and don't hesitate to seek help if your dog shows signs of pain or difficulty moving.
As always, if you have any questions or concerns about your dog’s health, don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian.
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