One of the more common eye issues I see, particularly in dogs, is Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS), often referred to as “dry eye.” While it primarily affects dogs, cats can also be affected, albeit less frequently. This condition is important for pet owners to be aware of because if left untreated, it can lead to discomfort and even vision loss in your beloved companions.
What is Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca?
KCS, or "dry eye," occurs when there is inadequate tear production in the eyes. Tears are essential for keeping the surface of the eye moist, protecting it from debris, infections, and injuries. Without sufficient tears, the eye becomes dry, inflamed, and susceptible to infections, corneal ulcers, and even permanent scarring.
In a healthy eye, tears provide lubrication, nutrients, and a protective barrier. In animals suffering from KCS, tear production from the lacrimal (tear) glands decreases, leading to chronic irritation and inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva (the pink tissue surrounding the eye).
Symptoms of KCS in Dogs and Cats
The signs of KCS can be subtle at first, but they often worsen over time. Pet owners should watch for the following symptoms:
Thick, yellow-green discharge from the eyes (often mistaken for an infection)
Redness and inflammation around the eye
Squinting or excessive blinking
A dull or dry appearance of the cornea
Cloudiness of the eye or visible signs of corneal ulcers
Pets rubbing or pawing at their eyes due to discomfort
Recurrent eye infections
While KCS is most frequently diagnosed in dogs, particularly in breeds like Cocker Spaniels, Bulldogs, Shih Tzus, and Pugs, it is possible in cats, especially following viral infections such as feline herpesvirus.
How is KCS Diagnosed?
If you notice any of the above symptoms, it’s important to bring your pet in for an eye exam. Diagnosing KCS is relatively straightforward. One of the key diagnostic tests we perform is the Schirmer Tear Test. This test involves placing a small strip of paper under the eyelid to measure tear production over a short period of time. A normal tear production range in dogs is typically between 15-25 mm/min. Anything below 10 mm suggests dry eye, and a reading below 5 mm is considered severe KCS.
In some cases, additional diagnostic tests such as a fluorescein dye test may be used to check for corneal ulcers, which are common in animals suffering from KCS. Your vet may also examine the eye using specialized equipment to assess the severity of the condition.
Treatment Options for KCS
The good news is that while KCS is a chronic condition, it can usually be managed effectively with appropriate treatment. The goal of treatment is to stimulate tear production, alleviate discomfort, and prevent complications like ulcers or infections.
Medications to Stimulate Tear Production The most common first-line treatment is topical medications, such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus. These medications help stimulate tear production and reduce inflammation of the tear glands. They are typically administered as eye drops or ointments and are usually given long-term or even for life.
Artificial Tears In milder cases or alongside medications, lubricating eye drops or artificial tears may be used to keep the eye moist and provide comfort. These drops mimic natural tears and need to be applied frequently, especially in the initial stages of treatment. Since artificial tears need be applied frequently they are not a good stand alone way to treat KCS, but can be used in conjunction with cyclosporine/tacrolimus in severe cases. The product that I recommend is called GenTeal Tears (click link to see them)
Antibiotics or Anti-inflammatory Medications If secondary infections are present, your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotic eye drops or ointments to clear up the infection. Anti-inflammatory medications may also be recommended to reduce inflammation and discomfort.
Surgery In severe, unresponsive cases of KCS, a surgical procedure known as parotid duct transposition may be considered. This surgery reroutes a salivary duct to the eye, allowing saliva to act as a tear substitute. While not a perfect solution, it can provide significant relief for pets with severe dry eye.
Prognosis and Long-term Care
The prognosis for dogs and cats with KCS depends on the severity of the condition and how quickly treatment is started. For many pets, early diagnosis and consistent treatment can prevent further damage and provide a good quality of life. However, KCS is typically a lifelong condition, and many pets will require ongoing treatment to maintain eye health.
Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor tear production and adjust treatment as needed. With diligent care, most pets will respond well to therapy, although some may experience flare-ups or require additional treatments over time.
Tips for Managing KCS at Home
As a pet owner, you play a key role in managing your pet’s KCS. Here are a few tips:
Administer medications as prescribed and keep up with the frequency of eye drops.
Keep your pet’s eyes clean by wiping away any discharge with a clean, damp cloth.
Schedule regular veterinary visits to monitor tear production and assess eye health.
Watch for changes in your pet’s eyes, such as increased discharge or redness, and seek veterinary attention if necessary.
While KCS can be a frustrating and uncomfortable condition for both pets and their owners, it is manageable with proper care. Early detection and consistent treatment are key to preventing complications and ensuring your pet remains comfortable and healthy. If you have concerns about your dog or cat’s eye health, don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian for an evaluation. Your pet’s eyes are vital to their well-being, and taking proactive steps can make a significant difference in their quality of life.
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